Infectious mononucleosis also known as “mono’ or the “kissing disease”. It is a glandular fever and is a fairly common viral disease that usually affects adolescents and young adults, including college students. The infection is typically caused by the Epstein-Barr virus but may be caused by other related viruses. While usually caused by Epstein–Barr virus, also known as human herpes virus 4, which is a member of the herpes virus family a few other viruses may also cause the disease. It is primarily spread through saliva but can rarely be spread through semen or blood. Spread may occur by objects such as drinking glasses or toothbrushes. Those who are infected can spread the disease weeks before symptoms develop. Mono is primarily diagnosed based on the symptoms and can be confirmed with blood tests for specific antibodies.] Another typical finding is increased blood lymphocytes of which more than 10% are atypical. The mono spot test is not recommended for general use due to poor accuracy.
Mono most commonly affects those between the ages of 15 to 24 years in the developed world. In the developing world, people are more often infected in early childhood when there are fewer symptoms. In those between 16 and 20 it is the cause of about 8% of sore throats. About 45 out of 100,000 people develop infectious mono each year in the United States. Nearly 95% of people have had an EBV infection by the time they are adults The disease occurs equally at all times of the year. Mononucleosis was first described in the 1920s and colloquially known as “the kissing disease”.
Many college students have already developed immunity or resistance by the time they reach college age. Once you have had mono it is unlikely that you will ever get it again. Symptoms usually appear 20-50 days after infection. The severity of symptoms varies greatly between individuals. Symptoms may be so mild that one can have mono without knowing it. In other cases, symptoms may be severe enough to require hospitalization. Common symptoms include:
* Severe sore throat, which is almost always present and lasts about 6-10 days. The throat may be very red, with white spots or pus on the tonsils. This can initially look similar to strep throat.
* Fever of 100-103° F (37.8-39.4° C), which is usually worst during the first week and may worsen at night.
* Swollen, tender glands (lymph nodes) in the neck, lasting up to one month after you are feeling well.
* Fatigue
* Headaches
• The common study shows that the probable mode of transmission of the Epstein-Barr virus is saliva. The virus is indeed found in the saliva as well as the respiratory secretions, however does not readily spread from one individual to another without close contact. In other words, if you are around someone who has mononucleosis and they cough, you will likely not contract the mono. Closer contact is needed for the spread of the virus.
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Further understand how serious mononucleosis is consider some serious statistics. In 2005 they found that E.B.V affects 98% of the world’s population. Also about 1 in 2000 people die a year from Mono. About 1 in 20 children with mono also have strep throat at the same time. 50% of people that have mono will have a swollen spleen or some will have a enlarged liver.
Diagnosis:
If you have any symptoms and are concerned that you may have mono, you should visit a clinician. See How to Get Health Care.
* The clinician will perform a physical exam, including of your throat and glands. Because mono symptoms are similar to those of other infections, the clinician will try to determine whether your symptoms are those of mono, strep throat or another viral infection. The clinician may swab the back of your throat.
* If streptococcus (strep) is present, you may be treated with an antibiotic.
* Blood tests for mono measure antibodies to the virus and therefore testing is not usually positive until symptoms have been present for one week or more.
* If streptococcus is not present and your symptoms continue for 7-10 days, you should return to your clinician for possible further testing.
Treatment:
Like the common cold, mono is a viral infection with no cure. Antibiotics do not work as a treatment for mono.
You can follow these self-care measures to feel better.
* Gargle: To reduce throat pain, gargle with one teaspoon of salt (or baking soda) dissolved in a glass of very warm water. You can purchase non-prescription medications like Chloraseptic gargle or lozenges, or your clinician may write a prescription for gargles that reduce throat pain and make swallowing easier.
* Take medication: For fever, sore throat, head and body aches, ibuprofen or naproxen (Aleve) are available without prescription. Follow directions on packaging. Avoid acetaminophen (Tylenol) because of possible liver inflammation that can be associated with mono.
* In addition, you need to take special care of yourself during recovery.
* Refrain from vigorous activities: Because mono can affect the entire lymph system, including the spleen (located under your left lower rib cage), avoid vigorous activities such as football, soccer or running. Do not play contact sports until at least 6-8 weeks after diagnosis or onset of symptoms. You can do mild exercises such as walking or swimming, as long as the activity doesn’t increase fatigue.
* Rest at least eight hours per night: Attend classes if you feel able, but plan to rest often.
* Eat nutritious foods: To strengthen your immune system and help reduce symptoms, eat antioxidant rich foods like leafy vegetables, peppers, and blueberries, avoid refined foods like sugar and white breads, and blend your foods or eat them with a liquid to soothe a sore throat.
* Drink plenty of non-caffeinated fluids to avoid dehydration: Non-caffeinated Green tea has beneficial antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects.
* Avoid alcoholic beverages and drugs not prescribed by your clinician for at least six weeks, because of possible liver inflammation.
You will probably feel most ill for the first two weeks of the infection. After this time, you should gradually improve, but your energy level may be reduced longer. The recovery process varies from person to person, so base your activities and check-ups on how you feel.
Prevention:
Mono is usually spread by close contact from one person to another, hence the name “kissing disease.” The infection is not highly contagious and does not usually spread to roommates. As a precaution, you should avoid sharing drinking glasses, eating utensils, food, and kissing until your sore throat and other symptoms have disappeared for several (4-6) weeks. Be sure to cover coughs and sneezes, and wash your hands thoroughly and often.
Try to keep you self hygienically fine and you are good to go!
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